Total Physical Response (TPR)
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Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method developed by Dr. James J. Asher in the 1960s. It is based on the coordination of speech and physical movement. Here’s a brief overview:
Key Principles:
1. Listening Before Speaking: TPR emphasizes listening comprehension before speaking. Learners are not pressured to produce language until they are ready.
2. Physical Movement: Physical activity is central to learning. Learners respond to commands that require physical actions, which helps reinforce language learning.
3. Reduction of Stress: By focusing on listening and physical response, TPR aims to reduce the anxiety associated with speaking in a new language.
4. Imperative Drill: The use of commands (imperative sentences) is a common technique in TPR, where the teacher gives commands and the students respond with physical actions.
Implementation in the Classroom:
1. Teacher Commands and Models: The teacher gives a command and performs the action. For example, "Stand up," "Sit down," "Touch your nose."
2. Student Response: Students listen to the command and perform the action. Initially, they may follow the teacher’s lead, but eventually, they respond independently.
3. Complex Commands: As learners become more proficient, commands can become more complex and involve sequences of actions, such as "Pick up the book, walk to the door, and open it."
4. Role Reversal; Over time, students can take on the role of giving commands to their peers or to the teacher, reinforcing their learning and comprehension
Advantages:
1. Engagement: Physical activity keeps learners engaged and makes learning more dynamic.
2. Retention: The combination of language input and physical activity can improve memory retention.
3. Fun and Motivating: TPR activities can be enjoyable, which helps maintain students’ motivation and interest in learning.
Limitations:
1. Limited Scope: TPR is most effective for teaching concrete vocabulary and simple commands but may be less effective for abstract concepts and complex language structures.
2. Classroom Management: In larger classes, managing physical activities can be challenging.
Overall, TPR is a useful method, particularly for beginners and young learners, to build a strong foundation in listening comprehension and basic vocabulary through engaging and interactive activities.